The Five-Year Limit on Government Contracts:  Reality or Myth?

By Vernon J. Edwards

March 2003

A search of the Westlaw® Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) database² for occurrences of the terms: "5-year," "5 year," "five-year," and "five year," produced 98 documents containing hundreds of occurrences of the terms.³ Many of those occurrences were in the Federal Property Management Regulation⁴ and pertained to property leases. This article will address only the limitations in the FAR. A review of the FAR documents identified four five-year limitations, as follows:

• FAR § 16.505(c)(1), a limitation on task order contracts for advisory and assistance ser-vices;
   
• FAR § 17.104(a), a limitation on multi-year contracts;
   
• FAR § 17.204(e), a limitation on contracts with options; and,
   
• FAR § 22.1002-1, a limitation on contracts covered by the Service Contract Act of 1965, as amended, 41 U.S.C. § 353(d).

I will discuss each of these limitations in turn.

I. The Five-Year Limit on Task Order Contracts for Advisory and Assistance Services

FAR § 16.505(c) provides as follows:

(c) Limitation on ordering period for task-order contracts for advisory and assistance services.

(1) Except as provided for in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3), the ordering period of a task-order contract for advisory and assistance services, including all options or modifications, normally may not exceed 5 years.

(2) The 5-year limitation does not apply when-

(i) A longer ordering period is specifically authorized by a statute; or

(ii) The contract is for an acquisition of supplies or services that includes the acquisition of advisory and assistance services and the contracting officer, or other official designated by the head of the agency, determines that the advisory and assistance services are incidental and not a significant component of the contract.

(3) The contracting officer may extend the contract on a sole-source basis only once for a period not to exceed 6 months if the contracting officer, or other official designated by the head of the agency, determines that-

(i) The award of a follow-on contract is delayed by circumstances that were not reasonably foreseeable at the time the initial contract was entered into; and

(ii) The extension is necessary to ensure continuity of services, pending the award of the follow-on contract.

FAR § 2.101 defines advisory and assistance services and FAR Subpart 37.2 prescribes rules and guidance about their acquisition.

Note that FAR § 16.505(c) limits the duration of the "ordering period" of task order con-tracts for advisory and assistance services, not the duration of contractor's performance under the contract. If the total ordering period of a task order contract is five years long, including the basic and option periods, a task order may be issued on the last day of the final ordering period that could require the contractor to perform during a sixth year. However, such an order must be consistent with the bona fide needs rule of federal appropriations law⁵ and the rules in FAR § 32.703-3 about contracts that cross fiscal years.

II. The Five-Year Limit on Multi-Year Contracts

This is the most confusing of all the five-year limits. The confusion stems from questions about: (1) the contracts to which the rule applies, i.e., what is a multi-year⁶ contract? and (2) the nature of the limitation itself.

A. What is a multi-year contract?

FAR § 17.103 defines the term multi-year contract as follows:

"Multi-year contract" means a contract for the purchase of supplies or services for more than 1, but not more than 5, program years. A multi-year con-tract may provide that performance under the contract during the second and subsequent years of the contract is contingent upon the appropriation of funds, and (if it does so provide) may provide for a cancellation payment to be made to the contractor if appropriations are not made. The key distinguishing difference between multi-year contracts and multiple year contracts is that multi-year con-tracts, defined in the statutes cited at 17.101, buy more than 1 year's requirement (of a product or service) without establishing and having to exercise an option for each program year after the first.

The Air Force Materiel Command's Contracting Officer's Guide on Fundamentals of Financial Management (January 1999) provides a clear explanation of multi-year contracting ("multiyear procurement") on p. 111:

Multiyear Procurement Multiyear procurement is a procurement method which commits the Air Force to buy more than one year of a program's requirements in a single contract award. In multiyear procurement, Congress acknowledges the total planned procurement for the specified period (up to five years) and commits future Congresses to appropriate funds for the future buys. However, the Congress is not bound to appropriate the funds for the outyears. If adequate funds are not appropriated, the contract must be canceled and the Air Force must pay the contractor a cancellation charge. This protects the contractor against losing the nonrecurring costs invested in the program since they cannot be recovered through future Air Force payments for items which will now not be delivered. This procurement approach avoids annual nonrecurring start up costs and enhances the program's stability.

The key to understanding the difference between a multi-year contract and a multiple year contract is to understand that a multi-year contract commits an agency to buy supplies or services required in more than one fiscal year.⁷ The term multi-year contract does not include contracts for the requirements of one fiscal year that will take more than one year to complete, or contracts with options which must be exercised before the government becomes obligated.⁸

A contract that includes an award-term incentive is not a multi-year contract if the contract provides as follows: (1) that an award term does not obligate the government in advance of appropriations, (2) that no award term will go into effect until the government notifies the con-tractor in writing that there is a continuing need, that funds are available, and that the government therefore affirms the award term, and (3) that the contractor is not entitled to payment of a cancellation charge or termination costs if the government cancels an award term before it begins. An award-term incentive clause should: (a) make all award terms contingent upon a continuing need for the service and the availability of funds, (b) make the commencement of performance under award terms further contingent upon the government's written notice of affirmation⁹, and (c) allow the government to cancel award terms at no cost to the government if there is no requirement for continued performance or if Congress does not appropriate funds for continued performance.

B. What is the nature of the five-year limit on multi-year contracts?

If a contract is a multi-year contract, as that term is used in FAR Subpart 17.2, then FAR § 17.104(a) provides as follows:

(a) Multi-year contracting is a special contracting method to acquire known requirements in quantities and total cost not over planned requirements for up to 5 years unless otherwise authorized by statute, even though the total funds ultimately to be obligated may not be available at the time of contract award. This method may be used in sealed bidding or contracting by negotiation.

Note that this language does not explicitly limit the duration of a multi-year contract. The FAR does not say that a multi-year contract "shall not," "may not" or "must not" exceed five years in duration. It says only that multi-year contracting is the acquisition of no more than five program years' worth of requirements. However, three sections of the federal statutes address multi-year contracts: 10 U.S.C. §§ 2306b and 2306c, which apply to the Department of Defense (DOD), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Coast Guard, and 41 U.S.C. § 254c, which applies to other agencies.

1. Multi-year Contracts Under Title 10 of the United States Code.

     a. Multi-year Contracts for Supplies. 10 U.S.C. 2306b, is entitled, "Multiyear contracts; acquisition of property." It defines "multiyear contract" as follows in paragraph (k):

(k) Multiyear Contract Defined. - For the purposes of this section, a multiyear contract is a contract for the purchase of property for more than one, buy not more than five, program years. Such a contract may provide that performance under the contract during the second and subsequent years of the con-tract is contingent upon the appropriation of funds and (if it does so provide) may provide for a cancellation payment to be made to the contractor if such appropriations are not made.

The statute makes no other mention of a five-year limitation.

The limitation in 10 U.S.C. 2306b(k) is not a limitation on the duration of the contract, but only on the number of years' worth of requirements that the contract can buy. However, an agency can buy supplies with the funds of one year and specify delivery in a subsequent year. See the General Accounting Office's Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 2d ed., Vol. I, Chapter 5, Availability of Appropriations, p. 5-20:

There are perfectly legitimate situations in which an obligation may be incurred in one year with delivery to occur in a subsequent year. Thus, where materials cannot be obtained in the same fiscal year in which they are needed and contracted for, provisions for delivery in the subsequent fiscal year do not violate the bona fide needs rule as long as the time intervening between contracting and delivery is not excessive and the procurement is not for standard commercial items readily available from other sources. 38 Comp. Gen. 628, 630 (1959).

Similarly, an agency may contract in one fiscal year for delivery in a subsequent year if the material contracted for will not be obtainable on the open market at the time needed for use, provided the intervening period is necessary for production and fabrication of the material. 37 Comp. Gen. 155, 159 (1957).

So a multi-year contract for supplies with a long production lead time might be awarded on January 1, 2003, and provide for final delivery on June 15, 2008, a period of performance which exceeds five years. Thus, the total duration of a multi-year contract for products might legitimately exceed five years in duration.

     b. Multi-year Contracts for Services. The next statute, 10 U.S.C. § 2306c, entitled, "Multiyear contracts; acquisition of services," provides as follows:

(a) Authority. - Subject to subsections (d) and (e), the head of an agency may enter into contracts for periods of not more than five years for services described in subsection (b), and for items of supply related to such services, for which funds would otherwise be available for obligation only within the fiscal year for which appropriated. . . .

10 U.S.C. § 2306c(f) defines "multiyear contract" as follows:

(f) Multiyear Contract Defined - For the purposes of this section, a multiyear contract is a contract for the purchase of services for more than one, but not more than five, program years. Such a contract may provide that performance under the contract during the second and subsequent years of the contract is contingent upon the appropriation of funds and (if it does so provide) may pro-vide for a cancellation payment to be made to the contractor if such appropriations are not made.

The limitation in 10 U.S.C. § 2306c(a) appears to be a clear limitation on the "period," i.e., duration of a multiyear service contract for the "covered services"; such a multi-year contract may not exceed five years in duration. However, see the discussion in subsection 3, below, about options and award terms.

2. Multi-year Contracts Under Title 41 of the United States Code

For agencies other than DOD, NASA and the Coast Guard, statutory coverage of multi-year contracts for supplies and services is combined in a single section of Title 41 of the United States Code — § 254c. The only mention of a five-year limit in that section is in the definition of multi-year contract in paragraph (d), which reads as follows:

(d) Multiyear contract defined. For the purposes of this section, a multiyear contract is a contract for the purchase of property or services for more than one, but not more than five, program years. Such a contract may provide that performance under the contract during the second and subsequent years of the contract is contingent upon the appropriation of funds and (if it does so pro-vide) may provide for a cancellation payment to be made to the contractor if such appropriations are not made.

41 U.S.C. § 254c does not include the language about "periods of not more than five years for services" that is in 10 U.S.C. § 2306c(a). However, it is likely that this reflects careless statute writing, rather than any intent to establish a different rule.

3. Does the five-year limitation on multi-year contracts apply to options and award terms?

Can a multi-year contract include options or an award-term incentive that could extend coverage to more than five years worth of requirements for property, or extend the term of a service contract to more than five years? For instance, could the contract cover five years of services under multi-year provisions and then tack on another five one-year options, for a total of ten years? In Freightliner Corporation, a decision of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA), 94-1 BCA 26,538, 1993 WL 502202, ASBCA No. 42,982 (November 26, 1993), the Board addressed itself to the question of whether an option that covered a sixth pro-gram year worth of supplies violated the five-year limitation on multi-year contracts. The board held that "the provisions of the multiyear statute and regulations… apply to quantities subject to a cancellation payment rather than to option quantities."¹⁰ In explaining its conclusion the board said:

The question is not, however, whether such a sixth program year basic quantity would have been illegal, but whether a fifth program year option quantity was illegal when, because of the award date of the contract (31 October 1984), it was susceptible of being exercised in fiscal year 1989, to fill an existing need.

In considering this question, we look first to the language of the statute authorizing multiyear contracts for the acquisition of property, 10 U.S.C.A. sec. 2306(h)(l)-(ll). "[T]he starting point for interpreting a statute to the language of the statute itself. Absent a clearly expressed legislative intention to the contrary, that language must ordinarily be regarded as conclusive." Consumer Product Safety Commission v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108 (1980). Appellant relies upon the following language of the statute (10 U.S.C.A. sec. 2306(h)(8)):

For the purposes of this subsection, a multiyear contract is a contract for the purchase of property or services for more than one, but not more than five, program years. Such a contract may provide that performance under the contract during the second and subsequent years of the contract to contingent upon the appropriation of funds and (if it does so provide) may provide for a cancellation payment to be made to the contractor if such appropriations are not made.

This language defines a multiyear contract. It states that such a contract "may provide that performance . . . to contingent upon the appropriation of funds and (if it does so provide) may provide for a cancellation payment to be made . . . ." It does not refer to options, at least explicitly.

We look next to the language of the DAR [Defense Acquisition Regulation] as in effect at the time the solicitation was initiated (DAC 76-20). (Although comment two refers to the FAR, appellant chiefly relies upon the DAR in its motion. There is no material difference for present purposes.) The DAR contained two key provisions: 1- 322.1(d) and (g). Appellant highlights DAR 1-322.1(d). It provided that "multiyear contracts for property and services shall not be used . . . (2) To obtain requirements which are in excess of the Five-Year Defense Program." Appellant argues that "[t]here is every reason to believe that when Congress adopted the 'five program years' language [in 5 2306(h)(8)]v it simply meant to 'codify' the above quoted DAR 1-322 limitation" (App. Supp. Br. at 26). Like the statute, however, DAR 1-322.1(d) did not refer to options.

The Board went on to acknowledge that the Defense Acquisition Regulation had elsewhere limited the total of basic and option quantities to five years. However, agencies can now waive that five-year limitation in accordance with their own procedures. (See the discussion of that limitation in section III, below.) Thus, since FAR § 17.107 permits the use of options in multi-year contracts and does not say that the five-year limit applies to such options, it appears, based on the ASBCA's interpretation in Freightliner Corporation, that the five year limitation on multi-year contracts applies to only the multi-year portion of those contracts, and that a contract with multi-year provisions could exceed the five year limitation through the use of options or award terms.¹¹

III. The Five-Year Limit on Contracts with Options

FAR § 17.204(e) provides as follows:

(e) Unless otherwise approved in accordance with agency procedures, the total of the basic and option periods shall not exceed 5 years in the case of services, and the total of the basic and option quantities shall not exceed the requirement for 5 years in the case of supplies. These limitations do not apply to information technology contracts. However, statutes applicable to various classes of contracts, for example, the Service Contract Act (see 22.1002-1), may place additional restrictions on the length of contracts.

This limitation, which is not based on a statute, is clear and unambiguous. It limits the total of the "periods" purchased under government service contracts with options, unless a longer duration is approved "in accordance with agency procedures." For supply contracts, the limit is not on the duration of the contract, but on the number of years' worth of supply requirements. (See the discussion, above, about the five-year limit on multi-year contracts for products.) Several agencies have established procedures for approving contracts of longer duration. See, e.g., the Department of Agriculture's FAR supplement at § 417.204; the Department of State's FAR supplement at § 617.204; and the Environmental Protection Agency's FAR supplement at § 1517.204. A review of agency solicitations available at FedBizOpps¹² revealed that some agencies do approve service contracts in which the total of the basic and option periods exceed five years.

In order to better understand this five-year limitation, it is helpful to understand its origin. During the 1960s and 1970s, the procurement regulations that governed the use of options were somewhat more restrictive than they are today. In 1965, for example, the Armed Services Procurement Regulation (ASPR) § 1.1503(b) strictly prohibited the use of options when the supplies or services were readily available in the open market.¹³ That restriction has since been removed and today options may be used in contracts for commercial items. Moreover, the rule at the time was to not evaluate options for the purposes of contract award.¹⁴ The exceptions to that rule were when (1) the government planned to exercise the option at the time of award or (2) someone at a level above the contracting officer determined either (a) that the basic quantity was merely a learning or testing quantity to verify contractor or equipment performance capability, or (b) that although funds were not available to exercise the option at the time of award there was a "reasonable certainty" that funds would become available.¹⁵ The evaluation of options was not then a prerequisite to the exercise of an option, as it is today.¹⁶ These policies appear to have been based on that belief that the evaluation of options would lead to unbalanced bidding practices and higher prices for basic quantities when there was uncertainty about whether or not the options would be exercised.

In 1969, the ASPR was revised to add the following paragraph to ASPR Subpart O—Options, § 1.1503, Applicability:

(c) When options are to be evaluated pursuant to § 1.1504(d), the total of the basic and option periods shall not exceed 5 years in the case of services, and the total of the basic and option quantities shall not exceed the requirements for 5 years in the case of supplies.¹⁷

Note that this language limited the duration of contracts with options only when the agency was going to evaluate the options for purposes of contract award. There was no limitation if the agency was not going to evaluate the options. The limitation was undoubtedly based on the fact that the Department of Defense planned in five-year increments (as reflected in its Five Year Defense Plan), and thus there was too much uncertainty about options for requirements more than five years in the future to permit their evaluation. However, by 1980 this language had been changed to read as follows, in Defense Acquisition Regulation (DAR, as the ASPR had been re-named) § 1-1502(d):

(d) The total of the basic and option periods shall not exceed five years in the case of services, and the total of the basic and option quantities shall not exceed the requirement for five years in the case of supplies. This five year limitation shall not apply to Automatic Data Processing Equipment acquisitions; however, the basic and option periods shall not exceed the approved systems life as defined in the Federal Property Management Regulations.

Note that the phrase "when options are to be evaluated" had been dropped.¹⁸ In the years since 1969, policies restricting the use of options have been relaxed, the evaluation of options has been made a prerequisite to the exercise of options, and agencies are now permitted to waive the five-year limit. To the extent that award terms are not options, the limit in FAR § 17.204(e) does not apply.¹⁹ To the extent that contracts with award terms include a basic year, option years and award terms, the strict wording of the limit suggests that it applies only to the total of the basic year and the option years, but does not include the award terms. In any event, an agency can waive the limit.

IV. The Five-Year Limit on Service Contracts under the Service Contract Act of 1965

FAR § 22.1002-1 provides as follows:

Service contracts over $2,500 shall contain mandatory provisions regarding minimum wages and fringe benefits, safe and sanitary working conditions, notification to employees of the minimum allowable compensation, and equivalent Federal employee classifications and wage rates. Under 41 U.S.C. 353(d), service contracts may not exceed 5 years.

41 U.S.C. § 353(d) says:

(d) Duration of contract. Subject to limitations in annual appropriation Acts but notwithstanding any other provision of law, contracts to which this chapter applies may, if authorized by the Secretary, be for any term of years not exceeding five, if each such contract provides for the periodic adjustment of wages and fringe benefits pursuant to future determinations, issued in the manner prescribed in section 351 of this title no less often than once every two years during the term of the contract, covering the various classes of service employees.

The key to understanding the FAR and the statute is to understand how the five-year limit has been interpreted by the Department of Labor.²⁰ In that regard, see 29 C.F.R. § 4.145, Extended term contracts, which provides as follows:

(a) Sometimes service contracts are entered into for an extended term exceeding one year; however, their continuation in effect is subject to the appropriation by Congress of funds for each new fiscal year. In such event, for purposes of this Act, a contract shall be deemed entered into upon the contract anniversary date which occurs in each new fiscal year during which the terms of the original contract are made effective by an appropriation for that purpose. In other cases a service contract, entered into for a specified term by a Government agency, may contain a provision such as an option clause under which the agency may unilaterally extend the contract for a period of the same length or other stipulated period. Since the exercise of the option results in the rendition of services for a new or different period not included in the term for which the con-tractor is obligated to furnish services or for which the Government is obligated to pay under the original contract in the absence of such action to extend it, the contract for the additional period is a wholly new contract with respect to application of the Act's provisions and the regulations thereunder (see Sec. 4.143(b)).

(b) With respect to multi-year service contracts which are not subject to annual appropriations (for example, concession contracts which are funded through the concessionaire's sales, certain operations and maintenance contracts which are funded with so-called "`no year money" or contracts awarded by instrumentalities of the United States, such as the Federal Reserve Banks, which do not receive appropriated funds), section 4(d) of the Act allows such contracts to be awarded for a period of up to five years on the condition that the multi-year contracts will be amended no less often than once every two years to incorporate any new Service Contract Act wage determination which may be applicable. Accordingly, unless the contracting agency is notified to the contrary (see Sec. 4.4(d)), such contracts are treated as wholly new contracts for purposes of the application of the Act's provisions and regulations thereunder at the end of the second year and again at the end of the fourth year, etc. The two-year period is considered to begin on the date that the contractor commences performance on the contract (i.e., anniversary date) rather than on the date of contract award.

Thus, as can be seen from the regulations of the Department of Labor, "term" of the contract means the term in effect. The exercise of an option or the start of an award term creates a "wholly new contract" for the purposes of the Act and thus resets the five-year clock. So a one-year contract with nine one-year options or provisions for nine one-year award terms does not violate 41 U.S.C. § 353(d).

V. Why Five Years?

Curiosity prompts one final inquiry: Why are the limits discussed above all set at five years? Why not three years? Why not seven? The five-year limits on multi-year contracts and contracts with options originated with the Department of Defense, which suggests that they were based on the Department of Defense's five-year planning horizon, as reflected in its Five Year Defense Plan.²¹ I have not been able to determine the reasons for the choice of five for the limits on the ordering period of task order contracts for advisory and assistance services and the term of service contracts to which the Service Contract Act applies; those reasons might be lost to us. They might reflect the budgetary planning horizons of the Executive Branch or some other rationale, or they might be entirely arbitrary. Five, after all, is a handy and popular number—neither too large nor too small, and as familiar to us as our fingers and toes.

VI. Conclusion

In conclusion, while the FAR sets four five-year limits on government contracts, those limits are not absolute limits on the duration of contract performance.

• The limit in FAR § 16.505(c)(1) on the total ordering period of task order contracts for advisory and assistance services is not a limit on the duration of contractor performance.
   
• The limit mentioned in FAR § 17.104(a) on multi-year contracts is not a limit on the delivery period of multi-year supply contracts and, if the ASBCA's Freightliner decision is correct, is not an absolute limit on either multi-year supply or multi-year service contracts with options or award terms.
   
• The limit in FAR § 17.204(e) on the total of the basic and option periods and quantities is not statutory and agencies can waive it in accordance with their own procedures.
   
• The limit mentioned in FAR § 22.1002-1 on the "term" of service contracts subject to the Service Contract Act of 1965, as amended, has been interpreted by the Department of Labor so as not to limit the number of options or award terms that an agency can use to extend the period of contract performance.

These five-year limits do not prevent the use of award-term incentives if the contract includes an award-term incentive clause that makes the contractor's right to an award term contingent upon (1) a continuing need for the service, (2) the availability of funds, and (3) government written affirmation of each award term based on need and funding. This is not to say, however, that the use of award-term incentives is a good contracting practice.

¹ See "Award Term: What it is and how it works," by Vernon J. Edwards, at http://www.wifcon.com/analaterm.htm (October 2000); "The Award Term Incentive: A Status Report," by Vernon J. Edwards, at http://www.wifcon.com/analaterm2.htm (February 2002); and Award Term Contracting: A New Approach for Incentivizing Performance, by Vernon J. Edwards (Vienna, VA: National Contract Management Association, 2000).  (Back)
² That database includes Title 41 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Public Contracts and Property Management, and Title 48, the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), including agency FAR supplements.  (Back)
³ Many of the documents were in Title 41 of the CFR and were limitations on leases. I will not discuss them in this essay.  (Back)
⁴ This regulation is in Title 41 of the Code of Federal Regulations.  (Back)
⁵ See the U.S. General Accounting Office's Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 2d ed., Vol. I, Ch. 5, pp. 5-22 through 5-26.  (Back)
⁶ FAR spells it "multi-year," but the statutes and some reference material spell it "multiyear," without the hyphen. I will follow the FAR spelling except in quotations.  (Back)
⁷ Multi-year contracts have been called a special type of requirements contract. See "Multiyear Procurement: The Different Faces of Congress," in The Nash & Cibinic Report, Vol. 9, No. 7, 40 (July 1995) (9 N&CR 40).  (Back)
⁸ See Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 2d ed. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), Vol. I, 5-34 through 5-41.  (Back)
⁹ Based on a 1925 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, Leiter v. United States, 271 U.S. 204, the General Accounting Office has taken the position that, in order to avoid a violation of the Anti-Deficiency Act and the bona fide needs rule, the contract must provide for some "affirmative action" by the government as a prerequisite to any con-tractor entitlement. See Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, 2d ed., op. cit., pp. 6-25 through 6-28. It is not enough merely to condition the contractor's entitlement to an award term on the availability of funds. Thus, the contract award-term incentive clause should require the government to affirm (confirm) an award term in writing before it can take effect. See FAR §§ 32.703-2(a) and 52.232-18.  (Back)
¹⁰ Two members of the Board dissented. Freightliner has been ridiculed by two commentators; see: "Option Quantities in Multiyear Contracts: They just keep going…and going…and going," in The Nash & Cibinic Report, Vol. 8, No. 2, ¶ 7 (February 1994) (8 N&CR ¶ 7).  (Back)
¹¹ See, too, Cessna Aircraft Company, ASBCA No. 43196, 96-1 BCA ¶ 27,966 (September 21, 1995).  (Back)
¹² The "Governmentwide point of entry" (GPE) to federal business opportunities, a website —— http://www.fedbizopps.gov. See FAR §§ 2.101 and 5.201.  (Back)
¹³ Old-timers who remember the ASPR may recall that the numbering system in their desk copy used a dash instead of a period between the part and the section number, e.g., 1-1504 instead of 1.1504. However, in its Code of Federal Regulations format the numbering system used a period instead of a dash.  (Back)
¹⁴ 32 C.F.R. § 1.1504(b) (1972).  (Back)
¹⁵ 32 C.F.R. § 1.1504(c) and (d) (1972); § 1.1504(e) established a different rule for fixed price incentive contracts.  (Back)
¹⁶ See FAR §§ 17.206 and 17.207(f). The policy change to make the evaluation of options the rule rather than the exception was made in Federal Acquisition Circular (FAC) 84-37, 53 FR 17854, May 18, 1988, after the Comptroller General advised Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger that failure to evaluate options limited the effectiveness of competition under the Competition in Contracting Act. For background, see the proposed rule, 51 FR 39456, October 28, 1986. See, too, the Comptroller General's letter to The Honorable Caspar W. Weinberger, The Secretary of Defense, B-217655, April 23, 1986.  (Back)
¹⁷ 32 C.F.R. § 1.1503(c) (1972).  (Back)
¹⁸ If there is an explanation for this change, it is somewhere in the files of the DAR Council.  (Back)
¹⁹ For a discussion of the difference between options to extend the term of a contract and award terms, see Edwards, Award Term Contracting, op. cit., pp. 2-5 through 2-6.  (Back)
²⁰ It is the Department of Labor that has the authority to interpret the Service Contract Act. See 41 U.S.C. § 353(b) and Aalco Forwarding, Inc. et al., Comp. Gen. Dec. B-277241, 98-1 CPD ¶ 87, 1998 WL 121352.  (Back)
²¹ Most agencies plan to a five-year budget horizon. See Office of Management and Budget Circular A-11, Preparation, Submission and Execution of the Budget.  (Back)